Epoch refers to a specific period within a blockchain’s operation. It plays a fundamental role in proof-of-stake (PoS) and delegated proof-of-stake (DPoS) consensus algorithms, which are alternative methods to the energy-intensive proof-of-work (PoW) used by cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin.

In PoS and DPoS systems, validators are responsible for creating new blocks and verifying transactions. These systems operate in epochs, which are fixed time intervals, typically lasting several days or even weeks. During an epoch, validators take turns proposing and validating new blocks, ensuring the integrity and security of the blockchain.

Epochs have a predetermined duration and are defined by the blockchain’s protocol. At the end of each epoch, various activities take place, such as the selection of validators, rewards distribution, and updates to the protocol. This regular interval structure simplifies the management of the network, and it enables network upgrades without disrupting the ongoing operation.

Epochs are significant because they contribute to the stability and security of PoS and DPoS blockchains. By regularly rotating the set of validators and enabling network upgrades, they mitigate centralization risks and promote decentralization, one of the core principles of many modern cryptocurrencies.